Compensatory growth (organ)
Compensatory growth is a type of regenerative growth that can take place in a number of human organs after the organs are either damaged, removed, or cease to function.[1] Additionally, increased functional demand can also stimulate this growth in tissues and organs.[2] The growth can be a result of increased cell size (compensatory hypertrophy) or an increase in cell division (compensatory hyperplasia) or both.[3] For instance, if one kidney is surgically removed, the cells of the other kidney divide at an increased rate.[1] Eventually, the remaining kidney can grow until its mass approaches the combined mass of two kidneys.[1] Along with the kidneys, compensatory growth has also been characterized in a number of other tissues and organs including:
- The adrenal glands[4][5]
- The heart[5][6]
- Muscles[5]
- The liver[5][7]
- The lungs[8]
- The pancreas (beta cells and acinar cells)[7]
- The mammary glands[5]
- The spleen (where bone marrow and lymphatic tissue undergo compensatory hypertrophy and assumes the spleen function during spleen injury)[5]
- The testicles[5]
- The thyroid gland[5][9]
- The turbinates of the nose[medical citation needed]
A large number of growth factors and hormones are involved with compensatory growth, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood and probably varies between different organs.[1] Nevertheless, angiogenic growth factors which control the growth of blood vessels are particularly important because blood flow significantly determines the maximum growth of an organ.[1]
Compensatory growth may also refer to the accelerated growth following a period of slowed growth, particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Widmaier, E. P.; Raff, H. & Strang, K. T. (2006). Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms Of Body Function (10th ed.). Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 383. ISBN 978-0-07-282741-5.
- ^ Goss, R. (1965). "Kinetics of Compensatory Growth". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 40 (2): 123–146. doi:10.1086/404538. PMID 14338253. S2CID 19069765.
- ^ "compensatory growth (biology) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Swale Vincent (1912). Internal secretion and the ductless glands. Arnold. p. 150. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Francis Delafield; Theophil Mitchell Prudden (1907). A text-book of pathology with an introductory section on post-mortem examinations and the methods of preserving and examining diseased tissues. William Wood and Company. pp. 61–62. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ M. I. Gabriel Khan (5 December 2005). Encyclopedia of heart diseases. Academic Press. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-0-12-406061-6. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ a b Anthony Atala (2008). Principles of regenerative medicine. Academic Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-12-369410-2. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Rannels, D. (1989). "Role of physical forces in compensatory growth of the lung". The American Journal of Physiology. 257 (4 Pt 1): L179–L189. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1989.257.4.L179. PMID 2679138.
- ^ Harold Clarence Ernst (1919). The Journal of medical research. p. 199. Retrieved 10 June 2011.